We can tick one of those boxes! Vaccines are an adaptation of an ancient eastern medicine practice (variolation) rebranded to give some English white guy all the credit (tbf vaccines are a lot safer, but still the dude didn’t come up with the concept all on his own).

https://www.britannica.com/science/variolation

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variolation

I’m pretty sure he’s using a Brix meter, which provides a measurement in degrees of brix. Essentially lets the winemaker know how much sugar is in the grapes